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cap of invisibility
In classical mythology, the Cap of Invisibility (Ἄϊδος κυνέην ''(H)aidos kuneēn'' in Greek, lit. dog-skin of Hades) is a helmet or cap that can turn the wearer invisible. It is also known as the Cap of Hades, Helm of Hades, or Helm of Darkness. Wearers of the cap in Greek myths include Athena, the goddess of wisdom, the messenger god Hermes, and the hero Perseus. The Cap of Invisibility enables the user to become invisible to other supernatural entities, functioning much like the cloud of mist that the gods surround themselves in to become undetectable.
== Origins ==
The only ancient source that attributes a special helmet to the ruler of the underworld is the ''Bibliotheca'' (2nd/1st century BC), in which the Uranian Cyclopes give Zeus the thunderbolt, Poseidon the trident, and a helmet ''(kyneê)'' to Pluto (in the Greek text , ''Plouton'') for their war against the Titans (Titanomachy).〔''Bibliotheca'' 1.1–2, 1911 Loeb Classical Library edition, translation and notes by J.G. Frazer. Recent scholarship refers to the author of the ''Bibliotheca'' or ''Library'' as Pseudo-Apollodorus.〕 Pluto's helmet, however, is not specifically said to be the Helmet of Invisibility (''aidos kyneê''). The magical quality of invisibility ''(aidos)'' sounds like the name ''Hades'', a name for the ruler of the underworld but by the time of the ''Bibliotheca'' used mainly for the underworld as a place. The similarity between ''aidos'' and ''Hades'' appears to be the reason that in the post-classical tradition the ''aidos kyneê'' was thought to be a possession of the ruler of the underworld, but in fact no ancient sources ever say that he wears or uses it. Myths about the use of the Helmet of Invisibility (see below) sometimes explain how the user obtained it, but the giver or source is never Pluto (or the god Hades).〔William Hansen, ''Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans'' (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 182.〕 Translators often render ''aidos kyneê'' as "Helmet of Hades", but "Hades" is ambiguous in this phrase; it may refer to the place and its characteristic "hiddenness" which the helmet has the power to bestow upon the wearer, with no indication that the helmet was thought of as the personal property of the god who rules the underworld. It "belongs" to him primarily in the sense that its magical properties draw on powers within his realm.〔Jenny Strauss Clay, ''The Wrath of Athena: Gods and Men in the Odyssey'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), p. 15, note 12; Olga Freidenberg, ''Image and Concept: Mythopoetic Roots of Literature'' (Harwood, 1997), p. 66, and especially Robin Hand, ''Apollodorus: The Library of Greek Mythology'' (Oxford University Press, 1997), note to the ''Bibliotheca'' passage, p. 201: "The leather helmet or cap belongs to Hades because his name suggests invisibility ''(a-ides)''. The notion that he was 'armed' with it by the Cyclopes … is a fancy from a relatively late period."〕 In Greek art, the wearing of a helmet is not an attribute of the ruler of the underworld.〔For the iconography of Hades the god, Pluto, and other forms of the god, see Pluto (mythology)#Iconography and attributes.〕
In the classical mythology of the Renaissance, however, the helmet is regularly said to belong to the god of the underworld. Rabelais calls it the Helmet of Pluto,〔''Gargantua and Pantagruel'' Book 5, Chapter 8.〕 and Erasmus the Helmet of Orcus.〔Erasmus, ''Adagia'' 2.10.74 ''(Orci galea)''.〕 The helmet becomes proverbial for those who conceal their true nature by a cunning device: "the helmet of Pluto, which maketh the politic man go invisible, is secrecy in the counsel, and celerity in the execution."〔Francis Bacon ''Essays Civil and Moral'' 21, "Of Delays".〕
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